<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<!-- Mirrored from www.9tut.com/ospf-routing-protocol-tutorial/comment-page-2 by HTTrack Website Copier/3.x [XR&CO'2014], Mon, 01 Jun 2015 16:19:49 GMT -->
<!-- Added by HTTrack --><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /><!-- /Added by HTTrack -->
<head profile="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=EmulateIE7" />
<title>CCNA Training » OSPF Tutorial</title>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0 - all posts" href="../feed" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0 - all comments" href="../comments/feed" />
<link rel="pingback" href="../xmlrpc.php" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.ico" />
<!-- style START -->
<!-- default style -->
<style type="text/css" media="screen">@import url( ../wp-content/themes/inove/style.css);</style>
<!-- for translations -->
<!--[if IE]>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.9tut.com/wp-content/themes/inove/ie.css" type="text/css" media="screen" />
<![endif]-->
<!-- style END -->
<!-- script START -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="../wp-content/themes/inove/js/base.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../wp-content/themes/inove/js/menu.js"></script>
<!-- script END -->
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="CCNA Training » OSPF Tutorial Comments Feed" href="feed" />
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="../xmlrpc0db0.php?rsd" />
<link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="http://www.9tut.com/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" />
<link rel='prev' title='Configure Static Route – GNS3 Lab' href='../configure-static-route-gns3-lab.html' />
<link rel='next' title='EIGRP Tutorial' href='../eigrp-routing-protocol-tutorial.html' />
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 3.9.6" />
<link rel='canonical' href='comment-page-2#comments' />
<link rel='shortlink' href='../index9222.html?p=374' />
<script type="text/javascript">
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-2141052-4']);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
(function() {
var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true;
ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
})();
</script>
</head>
<body>
<!-- wrap START -->
<div id="wrap">
<!-- container START -->
<div id="container" >
<!-- header START -->
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../wp-content/themes/inove/favicon.ico" />
<div id="header">
<a href="../index.html"><img width="207" height="80" border="0" alt="logo" title="logo" src="../wp-content/themes/inove/img/header.jpg"></a>
<!-- searchbox START -->
<div id="searchbox">
<form action="http://www.9tut.com/" method="get">
<div class="content">
<input type="text" class="textfield" name="s" size="24" value="" />
<input type="submit" class="button" value="" />
</div>
</form>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
var searchbox = MGJS.$("searchbox");
var searchtxt = MGJS.getElementsByClassName("textfield", "input", searchbox)[0];
var searchbtn = MGJS.getElementsByClassName("button", "input", searchbox)[0];
var tiptext = "Type text to search here...";
if(searchtxt.value == "" || searchtxt.value == tiptext) {
searchtxt.className += " searchtip";
searchtxt.value = tiptext;
}
searchtxt.onfocus = function(e) {
if(searchtxt.value == tiptext) {
searchtxt.value = "";
searchtxt.className = searchtxt.className.replace(" searchtip", "");
}
}
searchtxt.onblur = function(e) {
if(searchtxt.value == "") {
searchtxt.className += " searchtip";
searchtxt.value = tiptext;
}
}
searchbtn.onclick = function(e) {
if(searchtxt.value == "" || searchtxt.value == tiptext) {
return false;
}
}
//]]>
</script>
<!-- searchbox END -->
<div class="fixed"></div>
</div>
<!-- header END -->
<!-- navigation START -->
<div id="navigation">
<!-- menus START -->
<!-- menus END -->
<div class="fixed"></div>
</div>
<!-- navigation END -->
<!-- content START -->
<div id="content">
<!-- main START -->
<div id="main">
<div id="postpath">
<a title="Go to homepage" href="../index.html">Home</a>
> OSPF Tutorial
</div>
<div class="post" id="post-374">
<h1>OSPF Tutorial</h1>
<div class="info">
<span class="date">December 3rd, 2010</span>
<!-- <span class="addcomment"><a href="#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> -->
<span class="comments"><a href="#comments">Go to comments</a></span>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</div>
<div class="content">
<p>In this article we will learn about the OSPF Routing Protocol</p>
<p>Open-Shortest-Path-First (OSPF) is the most widely used interior gateway protocol routing protocol on the world because it is a public (non-proprietary) routing protocol while its biggest rival, EIGRP, is a Cisco proprietary protocol so other vendors can’t use it (edit: EIGRP has become a public routing protocol since 2013). OSPF is a complex link-state routing protocol. Link-state routing protocols generate routing updates only when a change occurs in the network topology. When a link changes state, the device that detected the change creates a link-state advertisement (LSA) concerning that link and sends to all neighboring devices using a special multicast address. Each routing device takes a copy of the LSA, updates its link-state database (LSDB), and forwards the LSA to all neighboring devices.</p>
<p>Note:</p>
<p>+ OSPF routers use LSA (Link State Advertisement)to describe its link state. LSDB stores all LSAs.</p>
<p>+ A router uses Router LSA to describe its interface IP addresses.</p>
<p>+ After OSPF is started on a router, it creates LSDB that contains one entry: this router’s Router LSA.</p>
<p>There are five types of OSPF Link-State Packets (LSPs).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img style="border: 0px none currentColor;" src="../images/ccna_self_study/OSPF/OSPF_example.jpg" alt="OSPF_example.jpg" width="440" height="300" /></p>
<p><span id="more-374"></span></p>
<p><!--adsense--></p>
<p>+ <strong>Hello</strong>: are used to establish and maintain adjacency with other OSPF routers. They are also used to elect the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) on multiaccess networks (like Ethernet or Frame Relay).</p>
<p>+ <strong>Database Description</strong> (DBD or DD): contains an abbreviated list of the sending router’s link-state database and is used by receiving routers to check against the local link-state database</p>
<p>+ <strong>Link-State Request</strong> (LSR): used by receiving routers to request more information about any entry in the DBD</p>
<p>+ <strong>Link-State Update</strong> (LSU): used to reply to LSRs as well as to announce new information. LSUs contain seven different types of Link-State Advertisements (LSAs)</p>
<p>+ <strong>Link-State Acknowledgement</strong> (LSAck): sent to confirm receipt of an LSU message</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Key points</p>
<p>+ Is a public (non-proprietary) routing protocol.</p>
<p>+ Is the only link-state routing protocol you learn in CCNA</p>
<p>+ This works by using the Dijkstra algorithm</p>
<p>+ Information about its neighbors (local connectivity) is sent to the entire network using multicasting</p>
<p>+ Routing information is shared through Link-state updates (LSAs)</p>
<p>+ HELLO messages are used to maintain adjacent neighbors. By default, OSPF routers send Hello packets every 10 seconds on multiaccess and point-to-point segments and every 30 seconds on non-broadcast multiaccess (NBMA) segments (like Frame Relay, X.25, ATM).</p>
<p>+ Is a classless routing protocol because it does not assume the default subnet masks are used. It sends the subnet mask in the routing update.</p>
<p>+ Supports VLSM and route summarization</p>
<p>+ Uses COST as a metric which CISCO defines as the inverse of the bandwidth</p>
<p>+ Uses AREAs to subdivide large networks, providing a hierarchical structure and limit the multicast LSAs within routers of the same area — Area 0 is called <strong>backbone area</strong> and all other areas connect directly to it. All OSPF networks must have a backbone area</p>
<p>+ Only support IP but it’s not bad as we are all using IP, right? :)</p>
<p>Area Border Routers (ABR) are any routers that have one interface in one area and another interface in another area</p>
<p>Let’s see an example of OSPF</p>
<p>Suppose OSPF has just been enabled on R1 & R2. Both R1 and R2 are very eager to discover if they have any neighbors nearby but before sending Hello messages they must first choose an OSPF router identifier (router-id) to tell their neighbors who they are. The Router ID (RID) is an IP address used to identify the router and is chosen using the following sequence:</p>
<p>+ The highest IP address assigned to a loopback (logical) interface.</p>
<p>+ If a loopback interface is not defined, the highest IP address of all active router’s physical interfaces will be chosen.</p>
<p>+ The router ID can be manually assigned</p>
<p>In this example, suppose R1 has 2 loopback interfaces & 2 physical interfaces:</p>
<p>+ Loopback 0: 10.0.0.1</p>
<p>+ Loopback 1: 12.0.0.1</p>
<p>+ Fa0/0: 192.168.1.1</p>
<p>+ Fa0/1: 200.200.200.1</p>
<p>As said above, the loopback interfaces are preferred to physical interfaces (because they are never down) so the highest IP address of the loopback interfaces is chosen as the router-id -> Loopback 1 IP address is chosen as the router-id.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="../images/ccna_self_study/OSPF/OSPF_choose_router_id.jpg" alt="OSPF_choose_router_id.jpg" width="340" height="280" border="0" /></p>
<p>Suppose R1 doesn’t have any loopback interfaces but it has 2 physical interfaces:</p>
<p>+ Fa0/0: 210.0.0.1 but it is shut down</p>
<p>+ Fa0/1: 192.168.1.2 (is active)</p>
<p>Although Fa0/0 has higher IP address but it is shutdown so R1 will choose Fa0/1 as its router-id.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="../images/ccna_self_study/OSPF/OSPF_choose_router_id_2.jpg" alt="OSPF_choose_router_id_2.jpg" width="340" height="230" border="0" /></p>
<p>Now both the routers have the router-id so they will send Hello packets on all OSPF-enabled interfaces to determine if there are any neighbors on those links. The information in the OSPF Hello includes the OSPF Router ID of the router sending the Hello packet.</p>
<p><!--adsense--></p>
<p>
<div class="page-link">Pages: 1 <a href="2">2</a> <a href="3">3</a></div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</div>
<!-- <div class="under">
<span class="tags"></span><span></span>
</div> -->
</div>
<!-- related posts START -->
<!-- related posts END -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="../wp-content/themes/inove/js/comment.js"></script>
<div id="comments">
<div id="cmtswitcher">
<a id="commenttab" class="curtab" href="javascript:void(0);">Comments (190)</a>
<span class="addcomment">Comments</span>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</div>
<div id="commentnavi">
<span class="pages">Comment pages</span>
<div id="commentpager">
<a class="prev page-numbers" href="comment-page-1#comments">« Previous</a>
<a class='page-numbers' href='comment-page-1#comments'>1</a>
<span class='page-numbers current'>2</span>
<a class='page-numbers' href='comment-page-3#comments'>3</a>
<a class='page-numbers' href='comment-page-4.html#comments'>4</a>
<a class="next page-numbers" href="comment-page-3#comments">Next »</a> <span id="cp_post_id">374</span>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</div>
<div id="commentlist">
<!-- comments START -->
<ol id="thecomments">
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-184639">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
koji </div>
<div class="date">
March 20th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-184639', 'comment-184639', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-184639', 'comment-184639', 'commentbody-184639', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-184639">
<p>could you please send me the latest dumps of questions to <a href="mailto:kojivecnick@gmail.com">kojivecnick@gmail.com</a><br />
thank you 9tut</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-184641">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
JoseAlvarez </div>
<div class="date">
March 20th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-184641', 'comment-184641', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-184641', 'comment-184641', 'commentbody-184641', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-184641">
<p>I have a question about router-id. 1 for area? Or in all ospf network 1 router-id? Sorry for my english but i am from venezuela!</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-184645">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
9tut </div>
<div class="date">
March 21st, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-184645', 'comment-184645', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-184645', 'comment-184645', 'commentbody-184645', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-184645">
<p>@JoseAlvarez: Each router has a unique router-id.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-184829">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
akash </div>
<div class="date">
March 22nd, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-184829', 'comment-184829', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-184829', 'comment-184829', 'commentbody-184829', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-184829">
<p>i didnt like it</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-184870">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
JoseAlvarez </div>
<div class="date">
March 22nd, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-184870', 'comment-184870', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-184870', 'comment-184870', 'commentbody-184870', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-184870">
<p>@9tut thanks…</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-185486">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
H1L1 </div>
<div class="date">
March 26th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-185486', 'comment-185486', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-185486', 'comment-185486', 'commentbody-185486', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-185486">
<p>I am about to take the CCNA could I get the latest test dump? Please <a href="mailto:hellen.lleet@gmail.com">hellen.lleet@gmail.com</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-186650">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Manica </div>
<div class="date">
April 1st, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-186650', 'comment-186650', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-186650', 'comment-186650', 'commentbody-186650', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-186650">
<p>Guys, where can I download the latest version of cisco packet tracer?</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-187067">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Daniel Smith </div>
<div class="date">
April 3rd, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-187067', 'comment-187067', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-187067', 'comment-187067', 'commentbody-187067', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-187067">
<p>Cisco Networking Academy have an up to date copy I downloaded yesterday, have to be a registered student though? otherwise try <a href="http://www.downloads.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.downloads.com</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-189422">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
kashyap </div>
<div class="date">
April 20th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-189422', 'comment-189422', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-189422', 'comment-189422', 'commentbody-189422', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-189422">
<p>great…</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-197238">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Sri Ganesh </div>
<div class="date">
May 25th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-197238', 'comment-197238', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-197238', 'comment-197238', 'commentbody-197238', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-197238">
<p>Very good article for the beginners!!</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-198876">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Anish </div>
<div class="date">
May 31st, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-198876', 'comment-198876', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-198876', 'comment-198876', 'commentbody-198876', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-198876">
<p>Is thr any OSPF lab sim?</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-200286">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Javed </div>
<div class="date">
June 3rd, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-200286', 'comment-200286', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-200286', 'comment-200286', 'commentbody-200286', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-200286">
<p>These are very useful to revise things………………</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-200287">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Javed </div>
<div class="date">
June 3rd, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-200287', 'comment-200287', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-200287', 'comment-200287', 'commentbody-200287', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-200287">
<p>Anybody knows any site related to learn MPLS and BGP Tutorials…………….?</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-201528">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Rawie </div>
<div class="date">
June 6th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-201528', 'comment-201528', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-201528', 'comment-201528', 'commentbody-201528', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-201528">
<p>Need latest dump. Doing exam next week <a href="mailto:rawiemsm@telfort.nl">rawiemsm@telfort.nl</a></p>
<p>Thnx in advnc</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-201686">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
ddane </div>
<div class="date">
June 6th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-201686', 'comment-201686', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-201686', 'comment-201686', 'commentbody-201686', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-201686">
<p>When it’s about OSPF DR/BDR election process, maybe we can tell it like this:</p>
<p>1. DR router is the router with highest OSPF Interface Priority.</p>
<p>example:<br />
R1(config)#interface fastEthernet0/0<br />
R1(config-if)#ip ospf priority 255<br />
R1(config-if)#end<br />
———————————————<br />
2. BDR router is the router with second highest OSPF Interface Priority.</p>
<p>example:<br />
R3(config)#interface fastEthernet0/0<br />
R3(config-if)#ip ospf priority 100<br />
R3(config-if)#end<br />
———————————————</p>
<p>3. If OSPF Interface Priorities are equal, than the highest OSPF Router ID is used to break the tie.</p>
<p>——————————-<br />
Determining the Router ID</p>
<p>The OSPF router ID is used to uniquely identify each router in the OSPF routing domain. A router ID is simply an IP address. Cisco routers derive the router ID based on three criteria and with the following precedence:</p>
<p>1. Use the IP address configured with the OSPF router-id command.</p>
<p>2. If the router-id is not configured, the router chooses highest IP address of any of its loopback interfaces.</p>
<p>3. If no loopback interfaces are configured, the router chooses highest active IP address of any of its physical interfaces.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-209808">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
sarwar </div>
<div class="date">
June 25th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-209808', 'comment-209808', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-209808', 'comment-209808', 'commentbody-209808', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-209808">
<p>very nice</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-210338">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Anonymous </div>
<div class="date">
June 26th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-210338', 'comment-210338', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-210338', 'comment-210338', 'commentbody-210338', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-210338">
<p>Dear friends<br />
I am new in 9tut.<br />
I am preparing for CCNA vendor exam.<br />
I need the latest dumps questions.<br />
My email id is <a href="mailto:chiranjibi.adhikari@hotmail.com">chiranjibi.adhikari@hotmail.com</a>.<br />
Please help me</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-210775">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
CCNAbeginer </div>
<div class="date">
June 27th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-210775', 'comment-210775', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-210775', 'comment-210775', 'commentbody-210775', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-210775">
<p>Hi 9tut<br />
do u have any example below command and from the command what can we learn from display command ( what information we can get from below command )<br />
i find out that CCNA exam need us know what we can learn from below command and<br />
and u have done well for this link :<a href="../cisco-router-boot-sequence-tutorial.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.9tut.com/cisco-router-boot-sequence-tutorial</a> </p>
<p> Show access-lists – all access lists on the router</p>
<p>· Show cdp – cdp timer and holdtime frequency</p>
<p>· Show cdp entry * – same as next</p>
<p>· Show cdp neighbors detail – details of neighbor with ip add and ios version</p>
<p>· Show cdp neighbors – id, local interface, holdtime, capability, platform portid</p>
<p>· Show cdp interface – int’s running cdp and their encapsulation</p>
<p>· Show cdp traffic – cdp packets sent and received</p>
<p>· Show controllers serial 0 – DTE or DCE status</p>
<p>· Show dialer – number of times dialer string has been reached, other stats</p>
<p>· Show flash – files in flash</p>
<p>· Show frame-relay lmi – lmi stats</p>
<p>· Show frame-relay map – static and dynamic maps for PVC’s</p>
<p>· Show frame-relay pvc – pvc’s and dlci’s</p>
<p>· Show history – commands entered</p>
<p>· Show hosts – contents of host table</p>
<p>· Show int f0/26 – stats of f0/26</p>
<p>· Show interface Ethernet 0 – show stats of Ethernet 0</p>
<p>· Show ip – ip config of switch</p>
<p>· Show ip access-lists – ip access-lists on switch</p>
<p>· Show ip interface – ip config of interface</p>
<p>· Show ip protocols – routing protocols and timers</p>
<p>· Show ip route – Displays IP routing table</p>
<p>· Show ipx access-lists – same, only ipx</p>
<p>· Show ipx interfaces – RIP and SAP info being sent and received, IPX addresses</p>
<p>· Show ipx route – ipx routes in the table</p>
<p>· Show ipx servers – SAP table</p>
<p>· Show ipx traffic – RIP and SAP info</p>
<p>· Show isdn active – number with active status</p>
<p>· Show isdn status – shows if SPIDs are valid, if connected</p>
<p>· Show mac-address-table – contents of the dynamic table</p>
<p>· Show protocols – routed protocols and net_addresses of interfaces</p>
<p>· Show running-config – dram config file</p>
<p>· Show sessions – connections via telnet to remote device</p>
<p>· Show startup-config – nvram config file</p>
<p>· Show terminal – shows history size</p>
<p>· Show trunk a/b – trunk stat of port 26/27</p>
<p>· Show version – ios info, uptime, address of switch</p>
<p>· Show vlan – all configured vlan’s</p>
<p>· Show vlan-membership – vlan assignments</p>
<p>· Show vtp – vtp configs</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-211032">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
9tut </div>
<div class="date">
June 28th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-211032', 'comment-211032', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-211032', 'comment-211032', 'commentbody-211032', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-211032">
<p>@CCNAbeginer: No, we don’t. It is difficult to explain these commands without putting it into a situation. But by practicing questions on this site you can grasp most of them.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-214312">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Anonymous </div>
<div class="date">
July 4th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-214312', 'comment-214312', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-214312', 'comment-214312', 'commentbody-214312', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-214312">
<p>@9tut<br />
Am very grateful….I am preparing for CCNA, expected to take an exam next month! every time i go thorugh the tutorials and questions in here…i get hit by this strong force of confidence that i am ready to take the exam by tommorow morning! I knw I am going to pass the exam and you (9tut) are going to be one of the very big force behind my success….you gonna be my hero!</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-214313">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
ropam </div>
<div class="date">
July 4th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-214313', 'comment-214313', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-214313', 'comment-214313', 'commentbody-214313', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-214313">
<p>@9tut<br />
Am very grateful….I am preparing for CCNA, expected to take an exam next month! every time i go thorugh the tutorials and questions in here…i get hit by this strong force of confidence that i am ready to take the exam by tommorow morning! I knw I am going to pass the exam and you (9tut) are going to be one of the very big force behind my success….you gonna be my hero!</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-218317">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
WarFreak </div>
<div class="date">
July 13th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-218317', 'comment-218317', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-218317', 'comment-218317', 'commentbody-218317', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-218317">
<p>Thanks. Very useful site.! What is your name 9tut :) heh cheers</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-218592">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
vishwajit </div>
<div class="date">
July 13th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-218592', 'comment-218592', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-218592', 'comment-218592', 'commentbody-218592', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-218592">
<p>9tut is a great website…</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-220232">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
CCNA-Student44 </div>
<div class="date">
July 17th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-220232', 'comment-220232', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-220232', 'comment-220232', 'commentbody-220232', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-220232">
<p>Hi 9tut,<br />
just wanted to clarify one thing about OSPF..I know its very dumb or silly doubt but … in above tutorial there is a statement regarding OSPF – “The entire routing table is transmitted once every 30 minutes” and when I was checking OSPF questions </p>
<p>[CCNA – OSPF Questions 2] – Q2 it says “Unlike Distance vector routing protocol (which utilizes frequent periodic updates), link-state routing protocol utilizes event-triggered updates (only sends update when a change occurs) -> D is correct but E is not correct.”</p>
<p>So, OSPF does both periodic updates as well as event-triggered updates. Please clarify!</p>
<p>Thanks,<br />
CCNA-Student44</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-220253">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
9tut </div>
<div class="date">
July 18th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-220253', 'comment-220253', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-220253', 'comment-220253', 'commentbody-220253', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-220253">
<p>@CCNA-Student44: The main advantage of link-state protocol over distance vector protocol is it utilizes event-triggered updates. This is also the main point of Q2 when asking “representative characteristics of a link-state”.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-228293">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
rakesh </div>
<div class="date">
August 14th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-228293', 'comment-228293', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-228293', 'comment-228293', 'commentbody-228293', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-228293">
<p>explanation of Question 2 under section “OSPF Questions 2″ and the Key point “The entire routing table is transmitted once every 30 minutes” contradicts..</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment admincomment" id="comment-228294">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
9tut </div>
<div class="date">
August 14th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-228294', 'comment-228294', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-228294', 'comment-228294', 'commentbody-228294', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-228294">
<p>@rakesh: Maybe this tutorial causes some confusion about the link-state routing protocol so I decide to remove the “The entire routing table is transmitted once every 30 minutes†because it is not the key point of OSPF. But you should know even the link-state protocol sends entire routing table every 30 minutes.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-230296">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
balvinder </div>
<div class="date">
August 22nd, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-230296', 'comment-230296', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-230296', 'comment-230296', 'commentbody-230296', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-230296">
<p>can anybody tell me how many router we can connect in single ospf area </p>
<p>and </p>
<p>how may area we can connect in area 0</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-230348">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
TG </div>
<div class="date">
August 22nd, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-230348', 'comment-230348', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-230348', 'comment-230348', 'commentbody-230348', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-230348">
<p>Just like Usian Bolt warms up his pistons before his 100m drag… ;-D I am revising it for ICND2, appearing on 27th of August</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-230384">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
traffikator </div>
<div class="date">
August 22nd, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-230384', 'comment-230384', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-230384', 'comment-230384', 'commentbody-230384', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-230384">
<p>+ Uses AREAs to subdivide large networks, providing a hierarchical structure and limit the multicast LSAs within routers of the same area — Area 0 is called backbone area and all other areas connect directly to it. All OSPF networks must have a backbone area<br />
This is INCORRECT!!! I am surprised how many people get this so wrong! You do not need an area 0 if you have only one area. Even if you have only two areas, OSPF functions great without the need for an area 0/backbone. It only becomes necessary when you have three or more areas. Please correct this mis-information. If you need a full explanation, well you can get it…</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-230387">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
traffikator </div>
<div class="date">
August 22nd, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-230387', 'comment-230387', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-230387', 'comment-230387', 'commentbody-230387', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-230387">
<p>By the RFC, the OSPF database must be refreshed in 60 minutes, the default implementation of some vendor’s is 30 minutes, Juniper use 50 minutes. The LSA’s have a timer when installed and gets flushed just before that expiry time. So since every LSA did not get into the LS db at the same time, they will get flushed at different times. So the timing is key. If all LSA’s were installed at the same time, then they would all be flushed within that 30/50 minute period.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-230833">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Ankit </div>
<div class="date">
August 25th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-230833', 'comment-230833', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-230833', 'comment-230833', 'commentbody-230833', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-230833">
<p>Is there any difference between a Master Router and a designated Router ?? Or they both are one and the same thing ? If there is any difference care to explain !!! Thanks !!</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-231129">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Ravi </div>
<div class="date">
August 27th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-231129', 'comment-231129', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-231129', 'comment-231129', 'commentbody-231129', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-231129">
<p>to form a neighbor in ospf network hello and dead time should match along with area name password process id and network type</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-231462">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
sainyi </div>
<div class="date">
August 29th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-231462', 'comment-231462', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-231462', 'comment-231462', 'commentbody-231462', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-231462">
<p>i can’t understand OSF area very well.<br />
how can i study easy to understand</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-234578">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
saheed adebare </div>
<div class="date">
September 13th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-234578', 'comment-234578', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-234578', 'comment-234578', 'commentbody-234578', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-234578">
<p>pls,ao can we router ID and loop interface</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-235068">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Shaukat hayat </div>
<div class="date">
September 15th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-235068', 'comment-235068', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-235068', 'comment-235068', 'commentbody-235068', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-235068">
<p>Hi everyone<br />
i need latest ccna dumps.. any body have the latest dumps plz send me on email <a href="mailto:engr.hayat@gmail.com">engr.hayat@gmail.com</a>. plz help me<br />
Thnks</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-237886">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Racho Panadero </div>
<div class="date">
September 30th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-237886', 'comment-237886', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-237886', 'comment-237886', 'commentbody-237886', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-237886">
<p>I was wondering a am about to take the exam first week of october. is it enough mastering the dumps for the exam? I am just curious as well are the multiple choice answers jumbled too the same way the randomly pick the questions from the dumps thank you very much for your response to my question.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-238263">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
David Doss </div>
<div class="date">
October 3rd, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-238263', 'comment-238263', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-238263', 'comment-238263', 'commentbody-238263', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-238263">
<p>please send me the latest dumbs to my email … my id is <a href="mailto:david.doss12@gmail.com">david.doss12@gmail.com</a> .. PLS</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-239086">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Abdul </div>
<div class="date">
October 9th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-239086', 'comment-239086', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-239086', 'comment-239086', 'commentbody-239086', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-239086">
<p>Hi</p>
<p>Could you please send me the latest dumps for the CCNA. Many thanks<br />
<a href="mailto:azidouri@hotmail.com">azidouri@hotmail.com</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-242636">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Shanaka </div>
<div class="date">
October 24th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-242636', 'comment-242636', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-242636', 'comment-242636', 'commentbody-242636', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-242636">
<p>could you please send me some ospf and eigrp lab practicals to <a href="mailto:shanakawinfox@gmail.com">shanakawinfox@gmail.com</a></p>
<p>thnk u 9tut </p>
<p>best regards </p>
<p>shanaka silva</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-244586">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Anonymous </div>
<div class="date">
November 4th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-244586', 'comment-244586', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-244586', 'comment-244586', 'commentbody-244586', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-244586">
<p>perfect document</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-246614">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
He-Man </div>
<div class="date">
November 14th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-246614', 'comment-246614', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-246614', 'comment-246614', 'commentbody-246614', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-246614">
<p>May I please get the latest and greatest dumps for CCNA. please email them to <a href="mailto:risk94@yahoo.com">risk94@yahoo.com</a></p>
<p>many thanks</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-247584">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
suresh </div>
<div class="date">
November 17th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-247584', 'comment-247584', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-247584', 'comment-247584', 'commentbody-247584', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-247584">
<p>y u cold not explain wildcard mask.ospf can’t understand the host bit or network bit…</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-248117">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Riquelme </div>
<div class="date">
November 20th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-248117', 'comment-248117', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-248117', 'comment-248117', 'commentbody-248117', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-248117">
<p>so sorry there is something happened plz send the latest dumps again <a href="mailto:altango78@hotmail.com">altango78@hotmail.com</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-249294">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
tinasoft </div>
<div class="date">
November 25th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-249294', 'comment-249294', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-249294', 'comment-249294', 'commentbody-249294', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-249294">
<p>i need deatel infomation more and more OSPF,you can send <a href="mailto:tudq@solicomvn.com">tudq@solicomvn.com</a><br />
thank so much</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-250628">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Zeebra2012 </div>
<div class="date">
November 29th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-250628', 'comment-250628', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-250628', 'comment-250628', 'commentbody-250628', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-250628">
<p>Hell guys,<br />
Am going to sit for CCNA next week: could someone sendme the latest dump to <a href="mailto:zeebra2012@hotmail.ca">zeebra2012@hotmail.ca</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-254356">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Ashwini </div>
<div class="date">
December 6th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-254356', 'comment-254356', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-254356', 'comment-254356', 'commentbody-254356', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-254356">
<p>you could download from examcollection.com</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-257201">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Ameh Desstiny </div>
<div class="date">
December 10th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-257201', 'comment-257201', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-257201', 'comment-257201', 'commentbody-257201', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-257201">
<p>pls good frds, am preparing for my ccna exams, pls help me with the latest dumps<br />
my email” <a href="mailto:liuken247@yahoo.com">liuken247@yahoo.com</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-257318">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Elenita </div>
<div class="date">
December 10th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-257318', 'comment-257318', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-257318', 'comment-257318', 'commentbody-257318', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-257318">
<p>*****Router D will be elected DR, and rouetr C will become the BDR. Router D will be elected DR, and rouetr B will remain the BDR. Router C will become the DR, and rouetr B will become the BDR. Router B will remain the BDR, and OSPF will function on the segment via the use of only the BDR.If the rouetrs are restarted D will have the highest priority and C owns the highest Loopback IP.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment regularcomment" id="comment-257392">
<div class="info">
<div class="author">
<!-- <div class="pic">
</div> -->
Brendyta </div>
<div class="date">
December 11th, 2012
</div>
<div class="act">
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.reply('commentauthor-257392', 'comment-257392', 'comment');">Reply</a> -->
<!-- <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="MGJS_CMT.quote('commentauthor-257392', 'comment-257392', 'commentbody-257392', 'comment');">Quote</a> -->
</div>
<div class="smallspace"></div>
<div class="content">
<div id="commentbody-257392">
<p>Question 41 the corect anresws are:***Router B will remain the DR, and router C will remain the BDR.Router D will be elected DR, and router B will remain the BDR.Router C will become the DR, and router B will become the BDR.Router B will remain the BDR, and OSPF will function on the segment via the use of only the BDR.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
</ol>
<!-- comments END -->
<div id="commentnavi">
<span class="pages">Comment pages</span>
<div id="commentpager">
<a class="prev page-numbers" href="comment-page-1#comments">« Previous</a>
<a class='page-numbers' href='comment-page-1#comments'>1</a>
<span class='page-numbers current'>2</span>
<a class='page-numbers' href='comment-page-3#comments'>3</a>
<a class='page-numbers' href='comment-page-4.html#comments'>4</a>
<a class="next page-numbers" href="comment-page-3#comments">Next »</a> <span id="cp_post_id">374</span>
</div>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</div>
<!-- trackbacks START -->
<div class="fixed"></div>
<!-- trackbacks END -->
</div>
</div>
<form action="http://www.9tut.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform">
<div id="respond">
<div class="addnewcomment">Add a Comment</div>
<div id="author_info">
<div class="row">
<input type="text" name="author" id="author" class="textfield" value="" size="24" tabindex="1" />
<label for="author" class="small">Name </label>
</div>
</div>
<!-- comment input -->
<div class="row">
<textarea name="comment" id="comment" tabindex="4" rows="8" cols="50"></textarea>
</div>
<!-- comment submit and rss -->
<div id="submitbox">
<div class="submitbutton">
<input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="button" tabindex="5" value="Submit Comment" />
</div>
<a class="feed" href="../comments/feed">Subscribe to comments feed</a>
<input type="hidden" name="comment_post_ID" value="374" />
<div class="fixed"></div>
</div>
</div>
<p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="d4146a74eb" /></p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="ak_js" name="ak_js" value="145"/></p> </form>
<div id="postnavi">
<span class="prev"><a href="../eigrp-routing-protocol-tutorial.html" rel="next">EIGRP Tutorial</a></span>
<span class="next"><a href="../configure-static-route-gns3-lab.html" rel="prev">Configure Static Route – GNS3 Lab</a></span>
<div class="fixed"></div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- main END -->
<!-- sidebar START -->
<div id="sidebar">
<!-- sidebar north START -->
<div id="northsidebar" class="sidebar">
<!-- showcase -->
<div id="am4login-3" class="widget widget_text"><h3>Premium Membership</h3><p class="becomemember">Become a member to interact with all questions and read all tutorials, labs!</p>
</br>
<p align="center"><img width="128" border="0" height="128" alt="package_favourite" align="center" src="../images/app_file-manager.png"></p>
<p class="findoutmore" align="center"><a href="../we-want-to-write-more.html">Find out more</a> or <a href="../member/login.html">Sign In</a></p>
</div></div>
<!-- sidebar north END -->
<div id="centersidebar">
<!-- sidebar east START -->
<div id="eastsidebar" class="sidebar">
<!-- categories -->
<div class="widget widget_categories">
<h2>New CCNA 200-120</h2>
<ul>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-8"><a href="../category/ccna-lab-sim.html" title="View all posts filed under CCNA Lab Sim">CCNA Lab Sim</a>
</li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-hsrp-vrrp-glbp.html">
New CCNA – HSRP VRRP GLBP </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-snmp-questions.html">
New CCNA – SNMP Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-netflow-questions.html">
New CCNA – NetFlow Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-syslog-questions.html">
New CCNA – Syslog Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-new-questions-2.html">
New CCNA – New Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-basic-questions.html">
New CCNA – Basic Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-osi-tcpip-model.html">
New CCNA – OSI & TCP/IP Model </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-ios-questions.html">
New CCNA – IOS Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-wan-questions.html">
New CCNA – WAN Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-switch-questions.html">
New CCNA – Switch Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-switch-questions-2.html">
New CCNA – Switch Questions 2 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-trunking-questions.html">
New CCNA – Trunking Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-trunking-questions-2.html">
New CCNA – Trunking Questions 2 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-stp.html">
New CCNA – STP </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-stp-2.html">
New CCNA – STP 2 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-rstp.html">
New CCNA – RSTP </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-access-list-questions.html">
New CCNA – Access list Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-nat-pat-questions.html">
New CCNA – NAT PAT Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-vlan-questions.html">
New CCNA – VLAN Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-intervlan-questions.html">
New CCNA – InterVLAN Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-subnetting.html">
New CCNA – Subnetting </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-subnetting-2.html">
New CCNA – Subnetting 2 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-frame-relay.html">
New CCNA – Frame Relay </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-frame-relay-2.html">
New CCNA – Frame Relay 2 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-ip-routing-questions.html">
New CCNA – IP Routing Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-ip-routing-2.html">
New CCNA – IP Routing 2 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-dhcp-questions.html">
New CCNA – DHCP Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-ospf-questions.html">
New CCNA – OSPF Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-ospf-questions-2.html">
New CCNA – OSPF Questions 2 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-eigrp-questions.html">
New CCNA – EIGRP Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-security-questions.html">
New CCNA – Security Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-operation-questions.html">
New CCNA – Operation Questions </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-operation-2.html">
New CCNA – Operation 2 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-show-commands.html">
New CCNA – Show commands </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-troubleshooting.html">
New CCNA – Troubleshooting </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-ipv6.html">
New CCNA – IPv6 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-ipv6-questions-2.html">
New CCNA – IPv6 Questions 2 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-drag-and-drop-1.html">
New CCNA – Drag and Drop 1 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-drag-and-drop-2.html">
New CCNA – Drag and Drop 2 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-drag-and-drop-3.html">
New CCNA – Drag and Drop 3 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-drag-and-drop-4.html">
New CCNA – Drag and Drop 4 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../new-ccna-drag-and-drop-5.html">
New CCNA – Drag and Drop 5 </a> </li>
<li><a href="../ccna-faqs-a-tips.html">
CCNA FAQs & Tips </a> </li>
<li><a href="../share-your-new-ccna-experience.html">
Share your (new) CCNA Experience </a> </li>
</ul>
</div>
<br />
<div class="widget widget_categories">
<h2>CCNA Self-Study</h2>
<ul>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-11"><a href="../category/practice-ccna-gns3-labs.html" title="View all posts filed under Practice CCNA GNS3 Labs">Practice CCNA GNS3 Labs</a>
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-12"><a href="../category/ccna-knowledge.html" title="View all posts filed under CCNA Knowledge">CCNA Knowledge</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<br />
</div>
<div class="widget widget_categories">
<h2>Network Resources</h2>
<ul>
<li class="cat-item"><a href="../free-router-simulators.html">Free Router Simulators
</ul>
</div>
<ul><li class="cat-item"><a href="http://www.9tut.net/" target="_blank">ICND1/ICND2 Website</a></li></ul>
<ul><li class="cat-item"><a href="http://www.digitaltut.com/" target="_blank">CCNP - ROUTE Website</a></li></ul>
<ul><li class="cat-item"><a href="http://www.certprepare.com/" target="_blank">CCNP - SWITCH Website</a></li></ul>
<ul><li class="cat-item"><a href="http://www.networktut.com/" target="_blank">CCNP - TSHOOT Website</a></li></ul>
<ul><li class="cat-item"><a href="http://www.voicetut.com/" target="_blank">CCNA Voice Website</a></li></ul>
<ul><li class="cat-item"><a href="http://www.wirelesstut.com/" target="_blank">CCNA Wireless Website</a></li></ul>
<ul><li class="cat-item"><a href="http://www.securitytut.com/" target="_blank">CCNA Security Website</a></li></ul>
<ul><li class="cat-item"><a href="http://www.dstut.com/" target="_blank">CCDA Website</a></li></ul>
<ul><li class="cat-item"><a href="http://www.iptut.com/" target="_blank">CCIP Website</a></li></ul>
<ul><li class="cat-item"><a href="http://www.rstut.com/" target="_blank">CCIE Written Website</a></li></ul>
</div>
<!-- sidebar east END -->
<!-- sidebar west START -->
<div id="westsidebar" class="sidebar">
</div>
<!-- sidebar west END -->
<div class="fixed"></div>
<br/>
<div style="text-align:center;">
Support 9tut
<!-- Paypal Donate Module -->
<form action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_donations">
<input type="hidden" name="business" value="support@9tut.com">
<input type="hidden" name="item_name" value="Support 9tut.com to keep this site updated!">
<input type="hidden" name="no_shipping" value="0">
<input type="hidden" name="no_note" value="1">
<input type="hidden" name="currency_code" value="USD">
<input type="hidden" name="tax" value="0">
<input type="hidden" name="bn" value="PP-DonationsBF">
<input type="image" src="../images/btn_donateCC_LG.gif" border="0" name="submit" alt="PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!">
</form>
Your contribution will help keep this site updated!
</div>
<br />
</div>
<!-- sidebar END -->
<div class="fixed"></div>
</div>
<!-- content END -->
<!-- footer START -->
<div id="footer">
<a id="gotop" href="#" onclick="MGJS.goTop();return false;">Top</a>
<div id="footer_logo"><img width="60" height="60" border="0" alt="footer" title="footer" src="../wp-content/themes/inove/img/networking.png"></div>
<div id="copyright">
Copyright © 2010-2013 CCNA Training </div>
<div id="themeinfo">
<a href=../privacy-policy.html>Site Privacy Policy</a>. Valid XHTML 1.1 and CSS 3.UV </div>
</div>
<!-- footer END -->
</div>
<!-- container END -->
</div>
<!-- wrap END -->
<script type='text/javascript' src='../wp-content/plugins/akismet/_inc/form128b.js?ver=3.1'></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-2141052-10']);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
(function() {
var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true;
ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
})();
</script>
</body>
<!-- Mirrored from www.9tut.com/ospf-routing-protocol-tutorial/comment-page-2 by HTTrack Website Copier/3.x [XR&CO'2014], Mon, 01 Jun 2015 16:19:50 GMT -->
</html>